第十一章 平行结构
平行——parallelism,有的书上称之为并列或对称,是一条基本的语法修辞原则。能否觉察句子中违反平行原则的情况,是对考生能力进行测试的一个主要方面。那么,什么是平行呢?平行指的是一个句子中有具有同等地位的语义内容应以同一语法形式来表达。在同一个句子中,常常需要表达两个或者更多的并列的内容,这一系列的思想内容就应该用同一种语言形式来表达。例如,在汉语中,“他喜欢排球、打篮球和踢足球”和“他喜欢打篮球、踢足球和乒乓球”,都是违反了平行原则的句子。他所喜欢的三种球类活动,在重要性上是同等的,因此,应该都用名词,或都用动宾结构来表达。因此,应该分别说成“他喜欢排球、篮球和足球”和“他喜欢打篮球、踢足球和打乒乓球”。在英语中,也存在类似的情况。例如:
He likes volleyball,basketball and to play football.
He likes to play volleyball,basketball and playing football.
上述两句都是不好的句子,应该改为:
He likes volleyball,basketball and football.
He likes to play/playing volleyball,basketball and football.
在英语中,相互平行的句子内容可分别通过单词、短语和句子这三种语言形式来表达。违反平行原则的情况就出现在这三种形式的混用,或不同词性的单词、不同性质的短语之间的混用。在英语中,并列的句子成分必须通过一定的连接词加以连接。用以连接并列成分的最常见的连接词是and。此外,还能用or,but等连接词来连接并列成分。除了单个的连接词外,英语中的几个关联连接词,如neither…nor…,not only…but also…等也用以连接并列的句子成分。下面分别就这两种不同的连接方式,以实际例子来解释在平行结构方面应注意的问题。
(1)用and等连接词连接的并列成分
(误)Socrates had ability,honesty,and he was courageous.
(正)Socrates had ability,honesty,and courage.
原句中说及苏格拉底的三种品性是平行的成分,但其中两个用名词表达,第三个却用了个从句,故应改用名词courage。
(误)He liked the country and to take a walk in the fields.
(正)He liked the country and a walk in the fields.
原句中对他所喜欢的两样东西用了两种不同的结构:一个名词和一个不定式短语,后者应该改用名词a walk。
(误)You can have a hamburger,a hotdog,or you can just have an apple.
(正)You can have a hamburger,a hotdog,or just an apple.
原句中对于三种选择的表达违反了平行原则,前两个是名词,第三个用了从句,故应改用名词an apple。
(误)Sam is tall,muscular,and has blue eyes.
(正)Sam is tall,muscular,and blue-eyed.
对Sam外貌的描写,原句中用了两个形容词和一个句子,然而这个句子的内容是完全可以用一个形容词来表达的。
(误)The book is interesting,informative,and it is easy to read.
(正)The book is interesting,informative,and easy to read.
这句和上一句错误类似,完全没有必要重复主语it和系动词is。
(误)The problem must be dealt with quickly and in the correct manner.
(正)The problem must be dealt with quickly and correctly.
对于处理问题的方式,有两种要求:一是快,二是正确。这两个内容是平行的,而且都可以用副词来表达,因而就不应该一个用副词,另一个用介词短语了。如果不是必要,用介词短语来代替副词是用副词表达平行内容的一个常见错误。
(误)She likes to cook,to sew,and embroidering.
(正)She likes to cook,to sew,and to embroider.
(误)A secretary’s duty includes sorting all the mail,to answer the telephone calls,and making appointments.
(正)A secretary’s duty includes sorting all the mail,answering the telephone calls,and making appointments.
由于不定式和动名词这两种动词的非限定形式都可以表示动作,而且意义差别不大,因而这两种形式的混用也是常见的平行方面的错误。
(误)Your horse is finer and better than mine and his horse.
(正)Your horse is finer and better than mine and his.
“他的马”在特定的上下文中既可用his horse也可用代词的绝对形式his来表达,但既然前面“我的马”已用了mine,那么,根据平行原则,“他的马”便应用his而不是his horse了。
当一个句子的谓语包含两个或更多的相互并列的动作时,它们也应采用同一种形式,如:
(误)He has accepted all the mistakes and takes the responsibilities.
(正)He has accepted all the mistakes and taken the responsibilities.
(误)She is taking a three-credit course,teaches freshmen composition,and working ten hours a week in a restaurant.
(正)She is taking a three-credit course,teaching freshmen composition,and working ten hours a week in a restaurant.
违反平行原则的情况也可能出现在宾语补足语中,如:
(误)The policeman told us to drive slowly and that we should not put on bright lights.
(正)The policeman told us to drive slowly and not to put on bright lights.
(正)The policeman told us that we should drive slowly and should not put on bright lights.
(2)用关联连接词连接的并列成分
英语中有几个常用的关联连接词,它们是both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…,as well as,whether…or…等。这些关联连接词都用来连接两个或更多的相互并列的句子成分。在使用这些连接词时首先要注意他们所连接的句子成分是否采用了同样的语法形式,否则,就违反了平行原则。此外,在使用这些连接词时,要注意它们的位置是否正确,也就是是否置于两个平行的句子成分之前,放错位置的错误是常见的。
(误)The article is not only interesting,lively but also an informative piece of writing.
(正)The article is not only interesting,lively but also informative.
在这个例子中,not only…but also…接的应该是三个并列的形容词,但在原句中,却用了两个形容词和一个名词短语piece of writing。
(误)Hemingway was both a good writer and he influenced other writers.
这句中的both…and连接了一个名词和一个句子,造成明显的不平行,应改为:
(正)Hemingway was both a good and an influential writer.
又如:
(误)Both what I say and my thought are right.
(正)Both what I say and what I think are right.
(正)Both my words and my thoughts are right.
再看看下面几个例子:
(误)The critic couldn’t decide whether to write an unfavourable review on the book or he should ignore the book altogether.
(正)The critic couldn’t decide whether to write a favourable review on the book or ignore the book altogether.
(误)Either coffee or making some tea will be fine with me.
(正)Either coffee or tea will be fine with me.
(误)He neither reads the new lesson nor he does the written work.
(正)He neither reads the new lesson nor does the written work.
下面来看几个关联连接词位置不恰当的例子。位置放错必然会导致其后的成分不平行。
(误)Jim not only distinguishes himself in maths but also in physics.
在这个句子中not only和but also分别放在动词distinguish和介词短语in physics前面,实际上它们应该连接的是两个并列的介词短语in maths和in physics。因此,应改为:
(正)He distinguishes himself not only in maths but also in physics.
下面句中的either…or…分别放在形容词late和句子I am early前面,根据句子的意义,either…or…应该用来连接两个句子。
(误)You are either late or I am early.
(正)Either you are late or I am early.
又如:
(误)He not only liked swimming but also surfing.
(正)He liked not only swimming but also surfing.
(误)She neither works in the library nor in the lab.
(正)She works neither in the library nor in the lab.






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