5.4 it的用法
此部分专门讲it的用法。众所周知,it在英语中是一个出现极其频繁,用法也非常广泛,因而很难掌握的词。在考试中,它的用法也是频频被考到。这里按照it的语法功能划分,分别谈了it作为代词、先行主语和先行宾语要掌握的语法点。
it的功能有以下这些:
(1)it作代词
①它的基本含义就是指代第三人称单数“它”。
②回答问句时代替this或that。
例如:Who is there?It’s me.
③当一个人的性别无法确定或是婴儿的时候,也可以用it指代。
例如:Is it your baby?
如有人敲门应答时,可以说Who is it?
④指代天气、时间、路程等。
如:It’s raining outside.
It’s April 24 today.
It’s about twenty minutes’walk from here.
作代词时,it的用法比较好掌握,这里就不多说了。比较困难的是it在句中不具备具体的含义,而只是为了结构上的完整和协调。
例:The way to keep the balance of nature is important.It’s wrong in that place.
这里的it就是指代前面的the way to keep the balance of nature。
(2)it作先行主语
例如:
They were the Boy Scouts____ to help elderly people cross the street.
(A)whose was the task
(B)to whom it was the task
(C)it was whose task
(D)whose task it was
答案为D,这里的it是作为先行主语,真正的主语是to help elderly people cross the street。
①当句子的主语是动词不定式或者that从句时,通常不放在句中。为了避免头重脚轻,常把it放在前面,作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。例如:
It takes two hours to make a quarrel.
当然,To make a quarrel takes two hours.在语法上也是正确的,但并不常见。往往习惯于用it作先行主语。
类似的结构可以表达许多不同的意思,如:
It’s disappointed(surprised)…
It’s essential(important)…
It’s difficult to…
It is possible to(that)…
It is useful…
It is unusual…
It takes(time)to do sth.
It’s said that…
It occurs to me that…
It appears(seems)that…
需要注意的是,在这种结构中,有的时候从句要用虚拟语气。如:

正好是上面所说的句型。答案是C,改为it。
②除that从句外,还可以接别的从句,如when,whether,where等引导的。如:
It was in front of this altar of heaven where the emperor performed the three kneeling and nine prostrations before the altars of his ancestors.
③it也可用作带ing形式的先行主语。这个结构除了在it’s worth和it’s no use等少数词语中使用外,其他的是不太正式的。如:
It’s nice meeting you.
It’s no use fighting against with him.
④it引导带if,as if和as though的某些句子。如:
It’s not as if this was the first time she’s been difficult.
It looks as if you are ill.
⑤以it为先行词的结构可用来着重强调句中某一概念。
试比较:
His strong will enabled him to work tirelessly.
It was his strong will that enabled him to work tirelessly.
(3)it作先行宾语
当句子的宾语是动词不定式或that从句时,有时候就用it作先行宾语。通常只有当有一个形容词同宾语在一起时,这种情形才会出现。如:
I think it surprising that she stopped smoking.
I find it difficult to complete the task myself in time.
例题:
The well-cooperated and harmonious team make____the completion of the tough task in just five days.
(A)it is possibly
(B)its possibility
(C)them possible
(D)possible
答案为D,因为这里宾语不是动词不定式或that从句,只是一个名词短语,其功能相当于一个名词,所以不用it,而直接加possible就可以了。
没有形容词的时候,通常是不能用it的。如:
I can’t stand it,to give up the work which I have been studying for two months.
这句话是错误的,因为没有形容词,应该改为:
I can’t stand to give up the work which I have been studying for two months.






本书评论