了解无意识
艾略特情绪变成空白的故事说明了人们对自身情绪的感受能力是不一样的。根据神经科学的逻辑,假如神经回路的缺失会导致某种能力的失常,那么对于大脑未受损的普通人,同一神经回路的相对强弱就会导致这种能力处于不同的水平,并可以进行比较。前额叶神经回路对情绪协调产生作用,这意味着由于神经病学的原因,有些人可能会比其他人更容易捕捉到恐惧或欢乐的情绪,因此这些人对情绪的自我意识也就更加强烈。
个体心理内省的能力可能也取决于同一神经回路。有些人天生对情绪心理的特殊符号模式比较适应。诗词歌赋、寓言故事以及暗喻和明喻,全都体现着心灵的语言——情绪。梦境和神话也符合情绪心理的逻辑,松散的联想决定了流线型叙事。天生与自己的心灵之声——情绪的语言——协调一致的人,不管是小说家、作曲家还是心理治疗师,他们都更善于表达情绪。内心的协调令他们更加擅长表达“无意识的智慧”,即我们从梦境和幻觉中所感受到的意义,揭示我们最深层愿望的符号。
自我意识是心理领悟的基础,这是很多心理治疗师致力于加强的官能。
霍华德·加德纳的内省智能模型实际上源于心理机制的伟大揭秘者弗洛伊德。弗洛伊德明确指出,很多情绪是无意识的,我们体内激发的感受不一定被意识觉察。这一心理学原理得到了实验的证明,比如,关于无意识情绪的实验发现,人们对他们没有意识到自己曾经见过的东西会形成明确的喜好。所有的情绪都可以是——而且经常是——无意识的。
情绪的心理开端通常在个体自觉意识到感受之前出现。例如,向怕蛇的人出示蛇的图片,尽管受测者表示没有感到任何恐惧,但他们皮肤上的感受器探测到有汗液渗出,这是焦虑的表现。甚至在这种情形下——蛇的图片飞快地从受测者眼前掠过,他们没有清楚地意识到自己看到的是什么东西,更别提感到害怕,但他们还是出汗了。前意识情绪持续累积,最后变得足够强烈,就会进入意识层面。因此,情绪有两种层面,有意识的和无意识的。情绪一旦进入意识层面,就会被前额叶皮层接收。[14]
情绪在无意识的层面引而不发,这会对我们的感知和反应产生重大的影响,尽管我们根本不知道情绪在起作用。打个比方,有个人一大早就被一个粗鲁的家伙惹恼了,在接下来的几个小时里都很容易生气,他对别人的无心之失大做文章,动不动就发火。他也许根本没有意识到自己一直处于易怒的状态,如果别人向他指出这一点,他会感到吃惊。尽管他觉察不到,但正是这种愤怒情绪导致了他的生硬反应。不过这种反应一旦进入意识层面,也就是说,一旦被新皮层接收,他就可以重新评估这些情况,决定摆脱早上遗留的不快情绪,改变自己的表现和心态。通过这种方式,情绪的自我意识为另一种基本的情绪智力——摆脱不良情绪的能力——奠定了基础。
- My usage of self-awareness refers to a self-reflexive, introspective attention to one’s ownexperience, sometimes called mindfulness.
- See also: Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are (New York:Hyperion, 1994).
- The observing ego: An insightful comparison of the psychoanalyst’s attentional stance andselfawareness appears in Mark Epstein’s Thoughts Without a Thinker (New York: Basic Books, 1995).Epstein notes that if this ability iscultivated deeply, it can drop the self-consciousness of the observerand become a“more flexible and braver ‘developed ego,’ capable of embracing all of life.
- William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (New York:Random House, 1990), p. 64.
- John D. Mayer and Alexander Stevens, “An Emerging Understanding of theReflective (Meta)Experience of Mood,” unpublished manuscript (993).
- Mayer and Stevens, “An Emerging Understanding.” Some of the terms forthese emotionalselfawareness styles are my own adaptations of their categories.
- The intensity of emotions: Much of this work was done by or with Randy Larsen, a former graduatestudent of Diener’s now at the University of Michigan.
- Gary, the emotionally bland surgeon, is described in Hillel I. Swiller,“Alexithymia: TreatmentUtilizing Combined Individual and Group Psychotherapy,” International Journal for GroupPsychotherapy 38, 1 (1988), pp.47-61.
- Emotional illiterate was the term used by M. B. Freedman and B. S. Sweet,“Some SpecificFeatures of Group Psychotherapy, ”International Journal for Group Psychotherapy 4 (1954), pp. 335-68.
- The clinical features of alexithymia are described in Graeme J. Taylor,“Alexithymia: History ofthe Concept,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association inWashington, DC (May 1986).
- The description of alexithymia is from Peter Sifneos, “Affect, EmotionalConflict, and Deficit: AnOverview,” Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics 56(1991), pp. 116-22.
- The woman who did not know why she was crying is reported in H.Warnes, “Alexithymia,Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects,” Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics 46 (1986), pp. 96-104.
- Role of emotions in reasoning: Damasio, Descartes’ Error .
- Unconscious fear: The snake studies are described in Kagan, Galen’s Prophecy .






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