附录1 情商
情商指的是我们识别自己和他人情绪、激励我们进步,并且进行情绪控制、左右人际关系的能力。情商与学术能力和以智商为衡量标准的认知能力不同,却可以弥补学术能力与认知能力的缺陷。很多人在校读书时成绩优异,但是缺乏情商,结果只好为那些比他们智商低、情商高的老板打工。
智商和情商可说是两种不同的能力,一个属于智力层面,一个属于情感层面,这两种能力发挥作用时涉及大脑不同部分的运作。智力活动与大脑顶部的新皮层密切相关,而情感中枢则位于大脑较深层的部位,在更深的下皮层。情商与情感中枢活动密切相关,并且与智力活动彼此协调。
霍华德·加德纳是智力研究方面最具影响力的理论家之一,他指出了智力与情感能力之间存在的差别。霍华德·加德纳是哈佛大学的心理学家,1983年,他提出了“多种智力”模式(multiple intelligence),引起广泛关注。[1] 他列举出了7种智力类型,当中不仅包括为人熟知的语言能力和数学能力,也包括两种个人能力:了解自己内心世界的能力和为人处世的能力。
1990年,耶鲁大学心理学家彼得·萨洛维和现工作于新罕布什尔大学的约翰·梅耶对情商理论进行了全面阐述。[2]另一位情商研究的先驱者是以色列心理学家鲁文·巴昂,他在20世纪80年代提出了另一种情商模式。[3]
近些年,其他心理学家纷纷针对情商提出了不同理论。
萨洛维和梅耶这样定义情商:能监测并调整自我和他人的情绪,善用情感能力引导思想和行动的能力。他们至今仍在不断完善情商理论,不过我对这套理论进行了改进,使之更容易理解、更实用。人们看过我改动后的理论模型,就能更清楚明白情感能力如何在工作场合发挥作用。我改写后的情商理论模型包含以下5种基本的情感和社交能力:
•自我意识: 了解自己当前的感受,根据当前感受做出恰当选择;对自我能力有客观的评价,抱有根基牢固的自信心。
•自我调节能力: 控制好自己的情绪,使情绪不至干扰手头工作,反而能促进工作的完成;有责任感,为实现目标可以把个人愿望搁置一旁;能够从低落情绪中振作起来。
•成就驱动力: 善于运用自己内心深处的倾向或愿望推动并引导自我实现目标,采取主动,努力进步。强烈的成就驱动力也有助于我们面对挫折仍锲而不舍。
•同理心: 能察觉他人感受,能够从他人角度看问题,能够与各种各样的人建立和谐的人际关系,和睦共处。
•社交能力: 能很好处理人际关系中涉及的情感问题,能准确认清社交时的形势和人际网络关系;与人打交道时左右逢源;为公司和团队运用自己社交技能开展说服、领导、谈判、处理纠纷等事务。
- Multiple intelligence model: see Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind (New York: Basic Books,1983). In addition to the standard cognitive abilities like mathematical reasoning and verbal fluency (aswell as intelligences in domains like movement and music), Gardner proposed that there are “personalintelligences”: one for managing oneself and another for handling relationships. But in Gardner’sdescriptions of the personal intelligences, he emphasized the cognitive elements of these personalintelligences, little exploring the crucial role of emotions in these realms.
- Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, “Emotional Intelligence,” Imagination, Cognition, andPersonality 9 (1990).
- Reuven Bar-On’s theory of emotional intelligence first appeared in his doctoral dissertation, whichwith further research was summarized in Reuven Bar-On, “The Development of a Concept and Test ofPsychological Wellbeing,” unpublished manuscript, 1992. In essence, his model describes emotionalintelligence as “an array of personal, emotional and social abilities that influence one’s ability tosucceed in coping with environmental demands and pressures.” The fifteen key abilities fall into fivegeneral clusters: intrapersonal capacities (the ability to be aware of one’s self, to understand one’semotions, and to assert one’s feelings and ideas); interpersonal skills (the ability to be aware of andunderstand others’ feelings, to be concerned about people in general, and to establish emotionally closerelationships); adaptability (the ability to verify one’s feelings, to accurately size up the immediatesituation, to flexibly change one’s feelings and thoughts, and to solve problems); stress managementstrategies (the ability to cope with stress and to control strong emotions); and motivational and generalmood factors (the ability to be optimistic, to enjoy oneself and others, and to feel and expresshappiness).






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