专业术语表
达成阶段
achieving stage Second of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which young adults use knowledge to gain competence and independence.
获得阶段
acquisitive stage First of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which children and adolescents learn information and skills largely for their own sake or as preparation for participation in society.
主动安乐死
active euthanasia Deliberate action taken to shorten the life of a terminally ill person in order to end suffering or to allow death with dignity; also called mercy killing.日常生活活动
activities of daily living (ADLs) Essential activities that support survival, such as eating, dressing, bathing, and getting around the house.
活动理论
activity theory Theory of aging, proposed by Neugarten and others, which holds that in order to age successfully a person must remain as active as possible.
预先指示（遗愿）
advance directive (living will) Document specifying the type of care wanted by the maker in the event of an incapacitating or terminal illness.
年龄分化
age-differentiated Describing a life structure in which primary roles—learning, working, and leisure—are based on age; typical in industrialized societies. Compare age-integrated.年龄整合
age-integrated Describing a life structure in which primary roles—learning, working, and leisure—are open to adults of all ages and can be interspersed throughout the life span. Compare age-differentiated.年龄歧视
ageism Prejudice or discrimination against a person (most commonly an older person) based on age.
老年性黄斑变性
age-related macular degeneration Condition in which the center of the retina gradually loses its ability to discern fine details; leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in older adults.
酒精中毒
alcoholism Chronic disease involving dependence on use of alcohol, causing interference with normal functioning and fulfillment of obligations.
阿尔茨海默病
Alzheimer's disease Progressive, irreversible, degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration and loss of control of bodily functions, leading to death.
模糊失落感
ambiguous loss A loss that is not clearly defined or does not bring closure.
淀粉样斑
amyloid plaque Waxy chunks of insoluble tissue found in brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease.
协助自杀
assisted suicide Suicide in which a physician or someone else helps a person take his or her own life.
自体免疫
autoimmunity Tendency of an aging body to mistake its own tissues for foreign invaders and to attack and destroy them.
平衡投资方式
balanced investment Pattern of retirement activity allocated among family, work, and leisure.
基础代谢
basal metabolism Use of energy to maintain vital functions.
丧亲
bereavement Loss, due to death, of someone to whom one feels close and the process of adjustment to the loss.
职业倦怠
burnout Syndrome of emotional exhaustion and a sense that one can no longer accomplish anything on the job.
照料者倦怠
caregiver burnout Condition of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who provide continuous care for sick or aged persons.
白内障
cataracts Cloudy or opaque areas in the lens of the eye, which cause blurred vision.
认知储备
cognitive reserve Hypothesized fund of energy that may enable a deteriorating brain to continue to function normally.
认知评价模型
cognitive-appraisal model Model of coping, proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, which holds that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their relationship with the environment, people choose appropriate coping strategies to deal with situations that tax their normal resources.
同居
cohabitation Status of an unmarried couple who live together and maintain a sexual relationship.
成分性智力
componential element Sternberg's term for the analytic aspect of intelligence.
情境性智力
contextual element Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.
连贯理论
continuity theory Theory of aging, described by Atchley, which holds that in order to age successfully people must maintain a balance of continuity and change in both the internal and external structures of their lives.
应对
coping Adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions.
晶体智力
crystallized intelligence Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the ability to remember and use learned information; it is largely dependent on education and cultural background.
痴呆
dementia Deterioration in cognitive and behavioral functioning due to physiological causes.
发展任务
developmental tasks In normative-stage theories, typical challenges that need to be mastered for successful adaptation to each stage of life.
脱离理论
disengagement theory Theory of aging, proposed by Cumming and Henry, which holds that successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the older person and society.
双重加工模型
dual-process model Model of cognitive functioning, pro posed by Baltes, which identifies and seeks to measure two dimensions of intelligence: mechanics and pragmatics.
长期授权委托书
durable power of attorney Legal instrument that appoints an individual to make decisions in the event of another person's incapacitation.
自我整合对绝望
ego integrity versus despair According to Erikson, the eighth and final stage of psychosocial development, in which people in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived, and thus accept death, or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived.
自我约束
ego-control Self-control.
自我韧性
ego-resiliency Adaptability under potential sources of stress.
虐待老人
elder abuse Maltreatment or neglect of dependent older persons, or violation of their personal rights.
成人初显期
emerging adulthood Proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood, usually extending from the late teens through the midtwenties.
情绪智力
emotional intelligence Salovey and Mayer's term for ability to understand and regulate emotions; an important component of effective, intelligent behavior.
情绪聚焦型应对
emotion-focused coping In the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward managing the emotional response to a stressful situation so as to lessen its physical or psychological impact; sometimes called palliative coping .
空巢
empty nest Transitional phase of parenting following the last child's leaving the parents' home.
封装
encapsulation In Hoyer's terminology, progressive dedication of information processing and fluid thinking to specific knowledge systems, making knowledge more readily accessible.
情景记忆
episodic memory Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.
勃起障碍
erectile dysfunction Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
执行阶段
executive stage Fourth of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which middle-aged people responsible for societal systems deal with complex relationships on several levels.
经验性智力
experiential element Sternberg's term for the insightful or creative aspect of intelligence.
家庭聚焦方式
family-focused lifestyle Pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home, and companions.
孝顺危机
filial crisis In Marcoen's terminology, normative development of middle age, in which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship.
子女成熟期
filial maturity Stage of life, proposed by Marcoen and others, in which middle-aged children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to accept and meet their parents' need to depend on them.
五因素模型
five-factor model Theoretical model of personality, developed and tested by Costa and McCrae, based on the “Big Five” factors underlying clusters of related traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.
流体智力
fluid intelligence Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, which is applied to novel problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural influences.
自由基
free radicals Unstable, highly reactive atoms or molecules, formed during metabolism, which can cause internal bodily damage.
功能年龄
functional age Measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age.
性别转换
gender crossover Gutmann's term for reversal of gender roles after the end of active parenting.
繁殖对停滞
generativity versus stagnation Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness).
繁殖感
generativity Erikson's term for concern of mature adults for establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation.
基因程控理论
genetic-programming theories Theories that explain biological aging as resulting from a genetically determined developmental timetable.
老年医学
geriatrics Branch of medicine concerned with processes of aging and medical conditions associated with old age.
老年学
gerontology Study of the aged and the process of aging.
青光眼
glaucoma Irreversible damage to the optic nerve caused by increased pressure in the eye.
悲伤
grief Emotional response experienced in the early phases of bereavement.
悲伤治疗
grief therapy Treatment to help the bereaved cope with loss.
悲伤工作
grief work Working out of psychological issues connected with grief.
海弗利克界限
Hayflick limit Genetically controlled limit, proposed by Hayflick, on the number of times cells can divide in members of a species.
激素替代疗法
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with the hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent symptoms caused by decline in estrogen levels after menopause.
临终护理
hospice care Warm, personal patient- and family-centered care for a person with a terminal illness.
高血压
hypertension Chronically high blood pressure.
子宫切除手术
hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus.
同一性顺应
identity accommodation Whitbourne's term for adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience.
同一性同化
identity assimilation Whitbourne's term for effort to fit new experience into an existing self-concept.
同一性过程模型
identity process model Whitbourne's model of identity development based on processes of assimilation and accommodation.
同一性风格
identity style Whitbourne's term for a characteristic way of confronting, interpreting, and responding to experience.
个性
individuation Jung's term for emergence of the true self through balancing or integration of conflicting parts of the personality.
不孕症
infertility Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying.
工具性日常生活活动（IADLs）
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) Indicators of functional well-being and of the ability to live independently.
内省
interiority Neugarten's term for a concern with inner life (introversion or introspection), which usually appears in middle age.
亲密对孤独
intimacy versus isolation Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, in which young adults either make commitments to others or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption.
亲属抚养
kinship care Care of children living without parents in the home of grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody.
遗产创造阶段
legacy-creating stage Seventh of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which very old people prepare for death by recording their life stories, distributing possessions, and the like.
预期寿命
life expectancy Age to which a person in a particular cohort is statistically likely to live (given his or her current age and health status), on the basis of average longevity of a population.
生命回顾
life review Reminiscence about one's life in order to see its significance.
寿命
life span The longest period that members of a species can live.
生活结构
life structure In Levinson's theory, the underlying pattern of a person's life at a given time, built on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important.
终生学习
lifelong learning Organized, sustained study by adults of all ages.
读写能力
literacy (1) Ability to read and write. (2) In an adult, ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential.
长寿
longevity Length of an individual's life.
乳房X线照相术
mammography Diagnostic X-ray examination of the breasts.
婚姻资本
marital capital Financial and emotional benefits built up during a long-standing marriage, which tend to hold a couple together.
智力中的机械成分
mechanics of intelligence In Baltes's dual-process model, the abilities to process information and solve problems, irrespective of content; the area of cognition in which there is often an age-related decline.
更年期
menopause Cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children, typically around age 50.
新陈代谢
metabolism Conversion of food and oxygen into energy.
成人元认知（MIA）
Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) Questionnaire designed to measure various aspects of adults' metamemory, including beliefs about their own memory and the selection and use of strategies for remembering.
中年危机
midlife crisis In some normative-crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in the early to middle forties.
中年审查
midlife review Introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities.
近视
myopia Nearsightedness.
神经纤维缠结
neurofibrillary tangles Twisted masses of protein fibers found in brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease.
常规生活事件
normative life events In the timing-of-events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times.
标准化阶段模型
normative-stage models Theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes.
骨质疏松症
osteoporosis Condition in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion.
临终关怀
palliative care Care aimed at relieving pain and suffering and allowing the terminally ill to die in peace, comfort, and dignity.
帕金森病
Parkinson's disease Progressive, irreversible degenerative neurological disorder, characterized by tremor, stiffness, slowed movement, and unstable posture.
被动安乐死
passive euthanasia Deliberate withholding or discontinuation of life-prolonging treatment of a terminally ill person in order to end suffering or allow death with dignity.
围绝经期
perimenopause Period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes that bring on menopause; also called climacteric.后形式思维
postformal thought Mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and is useful in dealing with ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise.
智力中的实用成分
pragmatics of intelligence In Baltes's dual-process model, the dimension of intelligence that tends to grow with age and includes practical thinking, application of accumulated knowledge and skills, specialized expertise, professional productivity, and wisdom.
经前综合征（PMS）
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Disorder producing symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional tension during the one to two weeks before a menstrual period.
老年性耳聋
presbycusis Age-related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sounds at higher frequencies.
远视
presbyopia Age-related, progressive loss of the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens.
主因老化
primary aging Gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout the life span.
启动
priming Increase in ease of doing a task or remembering information as a result of a previous encounter with the task or information.
问题聚焦型应对
problem-focused coping In the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing, or improving a stressful situation.
程序记忆
procedural memory Long-term memory of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things, which often can be recalled without conscious effort; sometimes called implicit memory.反思性思维
reflective thinking Type of logical thinking that may emerge in adulthood, involving continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications.
重新整合阶段
reintegrative stage Sixth of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which older adults choose to focus limited energy on tasks that have meaning to them.
重组阶段
reorganizational stage Fifth of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which adults entering retirement reorganize their lives around nonwork-related activities.
备用容量
reserve capacity Ability of body organs and systems to put forth four to ten times as much effort as usual under acute stress; also called organ reserve.责任阶段
responsible stage Third of Schaie's seven cognitive stages, in which middle-aged people are concerned with long-range goals and practical problems related to their responsibility for others.
旋转门症候群
revolving door syndrome Tendency for young adults who have left home to return to their parents' household in times of financial, marital, or other trouble.
夹心一代
sandwich generation Middle-aged adults squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care for elderly parents.
次因老化
secondary aging Aging processes that result from disease and bodily abuse and disuse and are often preventable.
补偿选择最优化（SOC）
selective optimization with compensation (SOC) In Baltes's dual-process model, enhancing overall cognitive functioning by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened.
语义记忆
semantic memory Long-term memory of general factual knowledge, social customs, and language.
衰老
senescence Period of the life span marked by declines in physical functioning usually associated with aging; begins at different ages for different people.
感觉记忆
sensory memory Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.
认真的休闲方式
serious leisure Leisure activity requiring skill, attention, and commitment.
性功能障碍
sexual dysfunction Persistent disturbance in sexual desire or sexual response.
社会时钟
social clock Set of cultural norms or expectations for the times of life when certain important events, such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work, and retirement, should occur.
社会护航理论
social convoy theory Theory, proposed by Kahn and Anto-nucci, that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and social support.
社会情绪选择理论
socioemotional selectivity theory Theory, proposed by Carstensen, that people select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source of emotional wellbeing.
溢出假设
spillover hypothesis Hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between intellectuality of work and of leisure activities because of a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure.
压力源
stressors Perceived environmental demands that may produce stress.
实质复杂性
substantive complexity Degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgment.
生存曲线
survival curves Curves, plotted on a graph, showing percentages of a population that survive at each age level.
内隐知识
tacit knowledge Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to function successfully.
临终功能下降
terminal drop A frequently observed decline in cognitive abilities near the end of life. Also called terminal decline.死亡学
thanatology Study of death and dying.
事件时序模型
timing-of-events model Theoretical model that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events.
特质模型
trait models Theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits, or attributes.
爱情三元亚理论
triangular subtheory of love Sternberg's theory that patterns of love hinge on the balance among three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
类型学模型
typological models Theoretical models of personality development that identify broad personality types, or styles.
变速理论
variable-rate theories Theories explaining biological aging as a result of processes that vary from person to person and are influenced by both the internal and the external environment; sometimes called error theories.肺活量
vital capacity Amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled.
韦克斯勒成人智力量表（WAIS）
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Intelligence test for adults, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
工作记忆
working memory Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
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