注 释
[1] US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Charts from the American Time UseSurvey,” last modified october 23, 2013 ,http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/ .
[2] John A. Byrne, “How Jack Welch runs Ge,” BusinessWeek, June 8, 1998 , http://www.businessweek.com/1998/23/b3581001.htm .
[3] (姓名保密),与作者的秘密交谈,2006~2007。
[4] slate杂志的高级技术作家威尔·莱姆斯对于Gmail的革命性有如下话要补充:“10年来,谷歌的对手彻底地复制了Gmail的做法,人们都已经忘记了Gmail之前的网页邮箱多么糟糕。网页载入速度慢得要死,搜索功能糟糕得要命,垃圾邮件泛滥。邮件消息不能以对话的形式列出来。存储空间严重不足,如果空间用完,你就要花上数小时的时间删除旧邮件或是向邮件服务供应商购买更多的存储空间。Gmail设计采用Ajax网页开发技术而不是传统普通的HTML,使我们认识到网页应用程序也可以像桌面应用程序一样流畅运转。它还教会了我们云存储的力量。”2014 年 4 月 1 日。http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/04/01/gmail_s_10th_birthday_the_google_april_fool_s_joke_that_changed_tech_history.html .
[5] James raybould, “unveiling LinkedIn’s 100 Most InDemand employersof 2013,”LinkedIn (official blog), october 16, 2013, http://blog.linkedin.com/2013/10/16/unveilingLinkedin’s-100-most-indemand-employers-of-2013/.
[6] 我们实际聘用的员工数量每年都有所不同。
[7] “Harvard Admitted students Profile,” Harvard university, accessed January23, 2014 ,https://college.harvard.edu/admissions/admissions-statistics .
[8] “Yale Facts and statistics,” Yale university, accessed January 23, 2014,http://oir.yale. edu/sites/default/files/FACTSHEET(2012-13)_3.pdf.
[9] “Admission statistics,” Princeton university undergraduate Admission,accessed January 23, 2014 ,http://www.princeton.edu/admission/applyingforadmission/admission_statistics/.
[10] 来源:谷歌。
[11] “Fortune’s 100 Best Companies to Work For,?” Great Place to Work Institute,accessed January 23, 2014, http://www.greatplacetowork.net/best-companies/north-america/united-states/fortunes-100-best-companies-to-work-forr/441-2005.
[12] “Wegmans Announces record Number of employee scholarship recipients in 2012,”Wegmans, June 7, 2012, https://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressreleaseDetailView?productId=742304&storeId=10052&catalogId=10002&langId=-1.
[13] sarah Butler and saad Hammadi, “rana Plaza factory disaster: Victims still waiting for compensation,” theguardian.com , october 23, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/23/rana-plaza-factory-disaster-compensation-bangladesh .
[14] Office Space, directed by Mike Judge (1999; 20th Century Fox).
[15] richard Locke, Thomas kochan, Monica romis, and Fei Qin, “Beyond Corporate Codes of Conduct: Work organization and Labour standards at Nike’s suppliers,” International Labour Review 146, no. 1–2(2007): 21–40.
[16] kamal Birdi, Chris Clegg, Malcolm Patterson, Andrew robinson, Chris B. stride, Toby D. Wall, and stephen J. Wood, “The Impact of Human resource and operational Management Practices on Company Productivity:ALongitudinal study,” Personnel Psychology 61 (2008): 467–501.
[17] 四个人分别为弗朗西斯·厄普顿、查尔斯–巴切尔多、路德维格·勃姆,“six teams that changed the world,” Fortune, May 31, 2006, http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/sixteams_greatteams_fortune 061206/.
[18] Nicole Mowbray, “oprah’s path to power,”The Observer, March 2, 2003 , http://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/02/pressandpublishing.usnews1 .
[19] Adam Lashinsky, “Larry Page: Google should be like a family,”Fortune,January 19, 2012,http://fortune.com/2012/01/19/larry-page-google-should-be-like-a-family/ .
[20] 拉里·佩奇在密歇根大学毕业典礼上的致辞,http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2009/05/larry-pages-universityofmichigan.html.
[21] Mark Malseed, “The story of sergey Brin,”Moment, February–March 2007, http://www.momentmag.com/the-story-of-sergey-brin/ .
[22] steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: simon&schuster, 2011).
[23] John Battelle, “The Birth of Google,”Wired, August 2005, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html. “our History in Depth,” Google,http://www.google.com/about/company/history/ .
[24] 这两份投资最后每一份的价值都超过了10亿美元。贝托尔斯海姆和切瑞顿的投资并非成就今日谷歌的最初投资。美国国家科学基金会(National science Foundation)在更早之前就成为资助人,只不过资助的方式不那么直接,是通过他们的数字图书馆倡议(Digital Libraries Initiative)捐助。赫克托耳·加西亚–莫利纳教授和特里·威诺格拉德教授在1994年9月1日获得数字图书馆倡议的一笔拨款,用于建立斯坦福综合数字图书馆项目。该项目的使命是“开发使能技术,建立单体综合寰宇图书馆,提供大量新兴网络信息资源和合集的统一访问……包括个人信息合集,传统图书馆中可以找到的合集,科学家分享的大量数据合集。该项目中开发的技术提供一种‘黏合剂’,灵活经济地使全世界的信息合集汇成一个实体供人使用”。拉里的研究生学习费用就是由该项目提供,期间早期的一些工作成就了后来的谷歌。谢尔盖的学习生涯也得到了美国国家科学基金会研究生助研奖学金的资助。参见国家科学基金“谷歌的起源”,http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660 .
[25] 谷歌“行为准则”,http://investor.google.com/corporate/code-of-conduct.html#II .
[26] Henry Ford, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY:Doubleday, Page, 1922)..
[27] Hardy Green, The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy (New York:Basic Books, 2010).
[28] “About Hershey: our Proud History,” Hershey entertainment& resorts,http://www.hersheypa.com/about_hershey/our_proud_history/about_milton_hershey.php .
[29] American Experience: “Henry Ford,” WGBH educational Foundation, first broadcast March 2013.Albert Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews (New York: stein and Day, 1980).福特还拥有周报《德宝独立报》(Dearborn Independent),经常登载反犹文章和述评,其中一些还有福特的署名,部分文章发表为四卷合集,名为《国际犹太人:全世界的问题》(1920-1922 ) [The International Jew: the World’s Problem (1920–1922)] 。
[30] Michael D. Antonio, Hershey: Milton S. Hershey’s Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams (New York: simon &schuster, 2007).好时镇报纸第一次印刷发行时镇上还只有250人,曾在一篇专栏文章“乔治·赫里克夫人,新英格兰第一位‘优生’儿的母亲”中提出“种族自杀(即异族通婚)是当今时代最邪恶之事”的说法。(《好时周报》,1912年12月26日)。与之相类似的,米尔顿·好时学校也是为“贫苦、健康的白人男性孤儿”建立(米尔顿·好时学校契约,1909年11月15日)。
[31] Jon Gertner, “True Innovation,” New York Times, February 25, 2012,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/innovation-and-the-bell-labs-miracle.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 .
[32] Jon Gertner, The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation, reprint edition (New York: Penguin, 2013).
[33] John r. Pierce, “Mervin Joe kelly, 1894–1971”(Washington, DC:National Academy of sciences, 1975), http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/kellymervin.pdf.
[34] 谷歌官方博客,2011年3月25日,“谷歌搜索现在开始支持切罗基语”, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/03/google-search-now-supports-cherokee.html .
[35] 谷歌官方博客,2011年1月31日,“一些周末的工作(有希望)使更多埃及人的声音得到倾听”,http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/01/some-weekend-work-that-will-hopefully.html .
[36] Lashinsky, “Larry Page: Google should be likeafamily”.
[37] edgar H. schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership(san Francisco:JosseyBass,2010)。
[38] 我们的年度员工测评Googlegeist, 2013.
[39] 拯救时间博客(Rescue Time blog)预估,当天访问我们网站的用户,用在弹莱斯·保罗吉他上的总时间为5350000小时(每人26秒)。拯救时间博客2011年6月9日“谷歌涂鸦再掀高潮!弹奏总时长535 万小时”,http://blog.rescuetime.com/2011/06/09/google-doodle-strikes-again/.
[40] 将这项使命与斯坦福综合数字图书馆的使命加以对比。听起来很相似,对吧?
[41] “IBM公司使命”,http://www.slideshare.net/waqarasif67/ibm-mission-statement .
[42] 麦当劳,“公司使命和价值观”,http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mission_and_values.html .
[43] 宝洁公司,“目标的力量”,http://www.pg.com/en_us/company/purpose_people/index.shtml .
[44] 维基百科,“谷歌街景时间表”,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_street_View.
[45] 珠峰大本营南营地,https://www.google.com/maps/@28.007168, 86.86105,3a,75y,92.93h,87.22t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sudu6omw_CrN8sm7NWunpcw!2e0!3e2.
[46] 赫伦岛,https://www.google.com/maps/views/streetview/oceans?gl=us .
[47] Philip salesses, katja schechtner, and Cesar A. Hidalgo,“The Collaborative Image of the City: Mapping the Inequality of urban Perception,” PLOS ONE, July 24, 2013, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0068400 .
[48] 全面揭秘:谷歌资本对优步进行了投资。在我开始写作本书书稿期间,谷歌并购了位智地图(Waze)。
[49] 谷歌2013 年 5 月 15 日发布“谷歌开发人员”,https://plus.sandbox.google.com/+GoogleDevelopers/posts/NrPMMwZtY8m .
[50] Adam Grant, Give and Take:ARevolutionary Approach to Success (NewYork: Viking, 2013).
[51] Adam M. Grant, elizabeth M. Campbell, Grace Chen, keenan Cottone,David Lapedis, and karen Lee, “Impact and the Art of Motivation Maintenance:The effects of Contact with Beneficiaries on Persistence Behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 103, no. 1 (2007): 53–67.
[52] Corey kilgannon, “The Lox sherpa of russ &Daughters,”New York Times, November 2, 2012,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/nyregion/the-lox-sherpa-of-russ-daughters.html?_r=0, 11/2/12 .
[53] A. Wrzesniewski, C. McCauley, r. rozin, and B. schwarz,“Jobs,Careers, and Callings: People’s relation to Their Work,” Journal of Research in Personality 31 (1997): 21–33.
[54] roger More, “How General Motors Lost its Focus—and its Way,” Ivey Business Journal, May–June2009,http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/strategy/how-general-motors-lost-its-focusand-its-way#.uobINPlwp8e.
[55] Marty Makary, MD, Unaccountable: What Hospitals Won’t Tell You and How Transparency Can Revolutionize Health Care(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2012).
[56] Daniel Gross, “Bridgewater May Be the Hottest Hedge Fund for Harvard Grads, but It’s Also the Weirdest,” Daily Beast,March 7, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/07/bridgewater-may-be-the-hottest-hedge-fund-for-harvard-grads-but-it-s-alsothe-weirdest.html .
[57] “radical Transparency,” LEADERS, July–september 2010,http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2010.3_Jul/shaping%20The%20Future/ray-Dalio-Bridgewater-Associates-InterviewPrinciples.html.
[58] Tara siegel Bernard, “Google to Add Pay to CoveraTax for same-sexBenefits,”New York Times, June 30, 2010,http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/your-money/01benefits.html?_r=2& .
[59] ethan r. Burris, “The risks and rewards of speaking up: Managerialresponses to employee Voice,” Academy of Management Journal 55, no. 4 (2012):851–875.robert s. Dooley and Geralde.
Fryxell, “Attaining Decision Quality and Commitment from Dissent: The Moderating effects of Loyalty and Competence in strategic Decision-Making Teams,” Academy of Management Journal 42, no.4(1999): 389–Linda Argote and Paul Ingram, “knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms,”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 82, no. 1 (2000): 150–
169.402.Charlan Jeanne Nemeth, “Managing Innovation: When Less IsMore,” California Management Review 40, no. 1 (1997): 59–74.
[60] Laszlo Bock, “Passion, Not Perks,” Google, september 2011 Laszlo Bock, “Passion, Not Perks,” Google, september 2011,http://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/articles/passion-not-perks.html.
[61] 据德鲁克研究会的档案管理员布丽奇特·劳勒所说:“这句引言……经常被认为是德鲁克所说,但是我们并没有确切的信息来源。当然有可能是他在某次演讲或讲座中用过这句话,但是并没有任何文字记录。”
[62] 史黛西把握住了正确的方向。香港大学的西蒙·兰姆和密歇根州立大学的约翰·薛布洛克发现选出“意见领袖”执行政策变化、引导规程,相较一般经理或随机的员工会产生更大的影响力。他们研究了三家银行支行实行一种新的服务培训项目时的情况。选出“意见领袖”作为“服务质量牵头人”时,即使培训的内容完全一样,客户、监督人以及出纳都发现服务质量的提升程度要高出很多。simon s. Lam and John schaubroeck, “A Field experiment Testing Frontline opinion Leaders as Change Agents,” Journal of Applied Psychology 85, no. 6 (2000): 987–995.
[63] 2013 年以前的薪水数据来自 http://www.stevetheump.com/Payrolls.htm和http://www.baseballprospectus.com/compensation/cots/ 。2013年的薪水数据来自《今日美国》(USA Today),2013年12月15日数据,http://www.usatoday.com/sports/fantasy/baseball/salaries/2013/all/team/all/。胜利者数据来自http://espn.go.com/mlb/worldseries/history/winners .
[64] David Waldstein, “Penny-Pinching in Pinstripes? Yes, the Yanks Are reining in Pay,”New York Times, March 11, 2013 ,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/sports/baseball/yankeesbaseballs-big-spenders-are-reining-it-in.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
[65] “Milestones in Mayer’s Tenure as Yahoo’s Chief,”New York Times,January 16, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/01/16/technology/marissa-mayer-yahoo-timeline.html?_r=0#/#time303_8405 .
[66] Brian stelter, “He Has Millions andaNew Job at Yahoo. soon, He’ll Be 18,”New York Times, March 25, 2013 ,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/business/media/nick-daloisio-17-sells-summly-app-to-yahoo.html?hp&_r=0 .kevin roose,“Yahoo’s summly Acquisition Is About Pr and Hiring, Nota17-Year-old’s App,”New York, March 26, 2013 ,http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/03/yahoos-summlyacquisition-is-about-image.html.
[67] “Yahoo Acquires Xobni App,”Zacks equity research, July 5, 2013 , http://finance.yahoo.com/news/yahoo-acquires-xobni-app-154002114.html .
[68] Professor Freek Vermeulen, “Most Acquisitions Fail—really,” Freeky Business (blog), January 3, 2008 ,http://freekvermeulen.blogspot.com/2007/11/random-rantings-2.html .
[69] 阿姆巴迪和罗森塔尔“薄片”及其他。详细的引用在下一章中引入,从尾注80起。有研究人员发现第一印象在10秒钟的时间内就可以形成。
[70] Caroline Wyatt, “Bush and Putin: Best of Friends,” BBC News, June 16,2001,http:// news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/1392791.stm.
[71] 专家对于到底有多少培训是浪费仍莫衷一是,但是几乎所有专家都一致认为只有很少的培训产生了作用。约翰·纽斯特朗姆在1985年对美国培训人员和开发人员协会成员进行了调查,他估计接受完培训之后有40%会立即投入实践,但是一年之后仅剩下15%仍在使用。在此我还要指出,培训人员本身很可能乐观估计结果。纽斯特朗姆和玛丽·布罗德在1992年再次进行调查的时候,发现大约有20%的学习者将培训内容应用于实践,不过布罗德后来在2005年做了澄清,称大多数项目中将学习的知识切实应用于实践的比例约为10%。蒂姆·鲍德温和凯文·福特在1988年也总结认为“美国的实业公司每年用在培训和开发上的资金高达1000亿美元,其中只有不超过10%的投入真正转化到工作中。”斯科特·坦南鲍姆和加里·尤克尔在1992年的研究结果更不乐观,他们估计只有5%的学习者将培训的知识应用于实践。爱德华多·萨拉斯、坦南鲍姆、科特·克雷格和金伯利·史密斯–延奇在2012年的最新研究给了我们一些希望。他们认为培训的效果可以大幅提升,但是需要特定的环境,包括能够给予支持的环境,对培训中所学技能正式和非正式的强化,工作自主性,对质量的组织认同感,员工可以灵活地在工作中尝试新学习的行为。简而言之,恰恰是我们在本书中探讨打造的一类环境。
[72] “einstein at the Patent office,” swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, last modified April 21, 2011 ,https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html.
[73] Corporate executive Board, Corporate Leadership Council, Hr Budgetand efficiency Benchmarking Database,Arlington VA, 2012.
[74] Pui-WingTam and kevin Delaney, “Google’s Growth Helps Ignite silicon Valley Hiring Frenzy,”Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2005 , http://online.wsj.com/article/sB113271436430704916.html. 以及私人交谈。
[75] Malcolm Gladwell, “The Talent Myth: Are smart People overrated?,”The New Yorker, July 22, 2002 ,http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/07/22/020722fa_fact?currentPage=all .
[76] “Warning: We Brake for Number Theory,”Google (official blog), July12, 2004 , http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2004/07/warning-we-brake-for-number-theory.html .
[77] “Google Hiring experience,” Oliver Twist (blog), last modified January17, 2006 , http://google-hiring-experience.blogspot.com/ .
[78] “How Tough Is Google’s Interview Process,” Jason Salas’WebLog (blog), september 5, 2005,http://weblogs.asp.net/jasonsalas/archive/2005/09/04/424378.aspx.
[79] 在这方面最早的研究文献是曼尼托巴大学的B·M·斯普林柏特在1958年发表。尽管面试人的样本很少,但是他还是发现决定通常都在面试的头四分钟做出。此后相关的研究包括:Nalini Ambady and robert rosenthal,“Thin slices of expressive Behavior as Predictors of Interpersonal Consequences:AMeta-Analysis,”Psychological Bulletin 111, no. 2(1992): 256–274. M. r. Barrick, B. W. swider, and G. L. stewart, “Initial evaluations in the Interview: relationships with subsequent Interviewer evaluations and employmentoffers,” Journal of Applied Psychology 95, no. 6 (2010): 1163–1172. M. r. Barrick,s. L. Dustin, T. L. Giluk, G. L. stewart, J.A. shaffer, and B. W. swider,“Candidate Characteristics Driving Initial Impressions During rapport Building:Implications for employment Interview Validity,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 85, no. 2 (2012): 330–352.
[80] J·T·普利克特、N·迦达–耆那和F·J·勃涅日,2000年5月,在芝加哥举办的中西部心理协会年度会议上进行交流的文章“工作面试中第一印象的重要性”。
[81] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias#CITereFPlous1993, scott, Plous, The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 233。
[82] The New-Boy Network, The New Yorker, May 29, 2000:68–86.
[83] N. Munk and s. oliver, “Think Fast!” Forbes, 159, no. 6(1997): 146–150.k. J. Gilhooly and P. Murphy, “Differentiating Insight from Non-Insight Problems,”Thinking& Reasoning 11, no. 3(2005): 279–302.
[84] Frank L. schmidt and John e. Hunter, “The Validity and utility of selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of research Findings,”Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 2 (1998):262–274。本章中所提的r2值是依据报道修正相关系数计算的。
[85] Phyllis rosser, The SAT Gender Gap: Identifying the Causes (Washington,DC: Center for Women Policy studies, 1989).
[86] 后续研究也证实了sAT成绩的性别差异和人种偏差。比如:Christianne Corbett, Catherine Hill, and Andresse st. rose,“Where the Girls Are: The Facts About Gender equity in education,” American Association of university Women (2008).Maria Veronica santelices and Mark Wilson, “unfair Treatment? The Case of Freedle, the sAT, and the standardization Approach to Differential Item Functioning,Harvard Educational Review 80, no. 1 (2010): 106–134.
[87] Alec Long, “survey Affirms Pitzer Policy Not to require standardized Tests,” The Student Life, February 28, 2014.
[88] Michael A. McDaniel, Deborah L. Whetzel, Frank L.schmidt, and steven D. Maurer,“The Validity of employment Interviews:AComprehensive review and Meta-Analysis,”Journal of Applied Psychology 79, no. 4 (1994): 599–616.Willi H. Wiesner and steven F. Cronshaw, “A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Impact of Interview Format and Degree of structure on the Validity of the employment Interview,” Journal of Occupational Psychology 61, no.4 (1988): 275–290.
[89] 和所有好的东西一样,尽责如果做得太极端也会成为一种负面表现,从原本的精心筹划、目标设定和坚持不懈变为不变通和强迫性完美主义。至今为止我们还没有发现这样做会是问题,但是准备在未来进行探究。
[90] 2014年10月7日,私人通信。
[91] Abraham H. Maslow, The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance(NewYork: Joanna Cotler Books, 1966), 15.
[92] 每一名应聘者会得到每一名面试人的一个评分,从0.0到4.0不等,之后各位面试人的评分取平均得到综合分数。通常得3.0分意味着我们应该聘用这个人,但是在实践中几乎所有应聘者的最终分数都在3.2到3.6之间。从来没有人得到4.0的平均分。
[93] John emerich edward Dalberg, Lord Acton, Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, April 5, 1887, in Historical Essays and Studies, eds. John Neville Figgis and reginald Vere Laurence(London: Macmillan, 1907), 504.
[94] Discovering Psychology with Philip Zimbardo, PhD, updated edition,“Power of the situation,” 视频从10分59秒起,http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/19/e19expand.html.
[95] 有大量文献探索、深究和批评米尔格拉姆实验。比如,参见昆士兰大学亚历克斯·哈斯拉姆和圣安德鲁大学史蒂夫·雷谢的著作。
[96] richard Norton smith, “ron Nessen,” Gerald r. Ford oral History Project, http://geraldrfordfoundation.org /centennial/oralhistory/ron-nessen/.
[97] “sciTech Tuesday: Abraham Wald, seeing the unseen,” post by Annie Tete, sTeM education Coordinator at the National World War II Museum,see&Hear (museum blog), November 13, 2012, http://www.nww2m.com/2012/11/scitech-tuesday-abraham-wald-seeing-theunseen/.沃德作品翻版可在此找到:http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf.
[98] “律师猫”是谷歌人对努力工作、警惕性很高的法务部门谷歌人的称呼。是的,谷歌人经常用一张真猫的照片(全身像,穿西装、打领带,还有笔挺的白领)表示或许会转入阴沉的法律范畴的内部讨论。
[99] “our New search Index: Caffeine,” Google (official blog), June 8, 2010, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html .
[100] “Time to Think,” 3M, http://solutions.3m.com/innovation/en_us/stories/time-to-think.
[101] ryan Tate, “Google Couldn’t kill 20 Percent Time even If It Wanted To,” Wired, August 21, 2013, http://www.wired.com/business/2013/08/20-percent-time-will-never-die/.
[102] Linda Babcock, sara Laschever, Michele Gelfand, and Deborah small,“Nice Girls Don’t Ask,” Harvard Business Review, october 2003, http://hbr.org/2003/10/nice-girls-dont-ask/ .Linda Babcock and sara Laschever, Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide(Princeton, NJ: Princeton universityPress, 2003).
[103] “employee engagement: What’s Your engagement ratio?” Gallup Consulting, employment engagement overview Brochure, downloaded 11/17/13.
[104] William H. Macey and Benjamin schneider, “The Meaning of employee engagement,”Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 1 (2008): 3–30.
[105] olivier serrat, “The Travails of Micromanagement” (Washington,DC: Asian Development Bank, 2011), http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1208&context=intl。
[106] richard Bach, Illusions: The Adventures ofareluctant Messiah (NewYork: Delacorte, 1977).
[107] elaine D. Pulakos and ryan s. o’Leary, “Why Is Performance Management Broken?”Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4, no. 2 (2011): 146–164.
[108] “results of the 2010 study on the state of Performance Management,”sibson Consulting, 2010, http://www.sibson.com/publications/surveysandstudies/2010sPM.pdf.
[109] Julie Cook ramirez, “rethinking the review,” Human Resource Executive HREOnline, July 24, 2013, http://www.hreonline.com/Hre/view/story.jhtml?id=534355695.
[110] edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham,ATheory of Goal Setting&Task Performance(upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall,1990).
[111] Xander M. Bezuijen, karen van Dam, Peter T. van den Berg, and Henk Thierry, “How Leaders stimulate employee Learning:ALeader-Member exchange Approach,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83,no. 3 (2010): 673–693.Benjamin Blatt, sharon Confessore, Gene kallenberg, and Larrie Greenberg, “Verbal Interaction Analysis: Viewing Feedback ThroughaDifferent Lens,” Teaching and Learning in Medicine 20, no. 4 (2008): 329–333.
[112] elaine D. Pulakos and ryan s. o’Leary, “Why Is Performance Management Broken?”Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4, no. 2 (2011): 146–164.
[113] 任何阅读本书的谷歌人都可使用这张meme图片,我们已经得到保罗·考恩和科林·麦克米伦以及GCPA的同意。Memegen上出现的东西,可以保留在Memegen上!
[114] Susan J. Ashford, “Feedback-Seeking in Individual Adaptation:AResource Perspective,”Academy of Management Journal 29, no. 3 (1986): 465–487.Leanne E. Atwater, Joan F. Brett, and Atira Cherise Charles, “Multisource Feedback: Lessons Learned and Implications for Practice,” Human Resource Management 46, no. 2 (2007): 285–307。Roger Azevedo and Robert M. Bernard, “A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction,” Journal of Educational Computing Research 13, no. 2(1995): 111–127.Robert A. Baron,“Criticism (Informal Negative Feedback) AsaSource of Perceived Unfairness in Organizations: Effects, Mechanisms, and Countermeasures,” in Justice in the Workplace: Approaching Fairness in Human Resource Management(Applied Psychology Series), ed. Russell Cropanzano (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1993),155–170.Donald B.Fedor, Walter D. Davis, John M. Maslyn, and Kieran Mathieson,“Performance Improvement Efforts in Response to Negative Feedback: The Roles of Source Power and Recipient Self-Esteem,”Journal of Management 27, no. 1 (2001): 79–97.Gary E.Bolton, Elena Katok, and Axel Ockenfels,“How Effective Are Electronic Reputation Mechanisms? An Experimental Investigation,” Management Science 50, no. 11 (2004): 1587–1602.Chrysanthos Dellarocas, “The Digitization of Word of Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms,” Management Science 49, no. 10 (2003): 1407–1424.
[115] edward L. Deci, “effects of externally Mediated rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 18, no. 1 (1971): 105–115.
[116] edward L. Deci and richard M. ryan, Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (New York: Plenum, 1985).e. L. Deci, r.koestner, and r. M. ryan, “A Meta-Analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin125, no. 6 (1999): 627–668.r. M. ryan and e. L. Deci, “self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, social Development, and Well-Being,”American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000): 68–78.
[117] Maura A. Belliveau, “engendering Inequity? How social Accounts Create vs. Merely explain unfavorable Pay outcomes for Women,” Organization Science 23, no. 4 (2012): 1154–1174,published online september 28, 2011, http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1110.0691 .
[118] 私人交谈。
[119] Atwater, Brett, and Charles, “Multisource Feedback.” Blatt, Confessore,kallenberg, and Greenberg, “Verbal Interaction Analysis.” Joan F. Brettand Leanne e. Atwater, “360° Feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and Perceptions of usefulness,”Journal of Applied Psychology 86, no. 5(2001): 930–942.
[120] 开发这个系统原型的工程师决定只允许使用512个字符。最初他们希望设定为256个字符,其中部分原因是由于一个字节(一个二进制数字集合)可存储256个不同的值。但是后来他们意识到256个字符很可能不够,因此将限定字符数加了倍(256同时也是28,512则是29)。
[121] Drew H. Bailey, Andrew Littlefield, and David C. Geary,“The Co-development of Skill at and Preference for use of retrieval-Based Processes for solving Addition Problems: Individual and sex Differences from First to sixth Grades,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 113, no. 1 (2012): 78–92.
[122] Albert F. Blakeslee, “Corn and Men,” Journal of Heredity 5, no. 11(1914): 511–518.Mark F. schilling, Ann e. Watkins, and William Watkins,“Is Human Height Bimodal?”The American Statistician 56, no. 3 (2002): 223–229,http://faculty.washington.edu/tamre/IsHumanHeightBimodal.pdf .
[123] Carl Friedrich Gauss, Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections: A Translation of Gauss’s “Theoria Motus,” trans. Charles Henry Davis(1809; repr., Boston: Little, Brown&Co., 1857).
[124]
[125] Margaret A. McDowell, Cheryl D. Fryar, Cynthia L.ogden, and katherine M. Flegal,“Anthropometric reference Data for Children and Adults: united states, 2003–2006,”National Health Statistics Reports 10 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health statistics, 2008), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr010.pdf .
[126] Aaron Clauset, Cosma rohilla shalizi, and M. e. J.Newman, “Power-Law Distributions in empirical Data,” SIAM Review 51, no. 4 (2009): 661–703.
[127] Herman Aguinis and ernest o’Boyle Jr., “star Performers in Twenty-First Century organizations,” Personnel Psychology 67,no. 2 (2014): 313–350.
[128] Boris Groysberg, Harvard Business school, http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=10650 .
[129] 要注意提升到“平均”水平并不一定意味着绩效表现进入前50%(即中位表现),但是已经足以说明问题。
[130] Jack and suzy Welch, “The Case for 20-70-10,”Bloomberg Businessweek,october 1, 2006, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-10-01/the-case-for-20-70-10 .
[131] 出处同上。
[132] kurt eichenwald, “Microsoft’s Lost Decade,” Vanity Fair, August 2012, http://www.vanityfair.com/business/2012/08/microsoft-lost-mojo-steve-ballmer .
[133] Tom Warren, “Microsoft Axes Its Controversial employee-ranking system,”The Verge, November 12, 2013, http://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/5094864/microsoft-kills-stack-rankinginternal-structure .
[134] David A. Garvin, Alison Berkley Wagonfeld, and Liz kind, “Google’s Project oxygen: Do Managers Matter?” Harvard Business school Case 313-110, April 2013 (revised July 2013).
[135] 我们再也没有遇到过类似的情况,直到2008年,我们的搜索和体系基础架构高级副总裁比尔·卡夫兰(任该职务至2011年)处理了180份直接报告。
[136] Atul Gawande, “The Checklist,” The New Yorker, December 10, 2007,http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/12/10/071210fa_fact_gawande .
[137] 来自内部采访。
[138] AsTD staff, “$156 Billion spent on Training and Development,” AsTD(blog), American society for Training and Development (now the Association for Talent Development), December 6, 2012, http://www.astd.org/Publications/Blogs/AsTD-Blog/2012/12/156-Billionspent-on-Training-and-Development.
[139] “Fast Facts,” National Center for education statistics,http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66 .
[140] 达蒙·邓恩,斯坦福大学帕洛阿尔托,2009年9月8日,在威廉·V·坎贝尔奖杯命名仪式上讲的故事。http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Dunn .
[141] k. Anders ericsson, “Deliberate Practice and the Acquisition and Maintenance of expert Performance in Medicine and related Domains,” Academic Medicine 79, no. 10 (2004): s70-s81,http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2004/10001/Deliberate_Practice_and_the_Acquisition_and.22.aspx/ .
[142] Angela Lee Duckworth, Teri A. kirby, eli Tsukayama, Heather Berstein,and k. Anders ericsson, “Deliberate Practice spells success: Why Grittier Competitors Triumph at the National spelling Bee,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2, no. 2 (2011): 174–181,http://spp.sagepub.com/content/2/2/174.short.
[143] Andrew s. Grove, High Output Management (New York: random House,1983), 223.
[144] Chade-Meng Tan, Meng’s Little space (blog), http://chademeng.com/ .
[145] Jon kabat-Zinn,Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 4.
[146] Lucy kellaway, “The Wise Fool of Google,” Financial Times, June 7, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e5ca761c-af34-11e1-a4e0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2dmosqhuM .
[147] 私人交谈。
[148] “Teaching Awareness at Google: Breathe Easy and Come into Focus,”Google (official blog), June 4, 2013,http://googleblog.blogspot.com/search/label/g2g .
[149] Michael M. Lombardo and robert W. eichinger, The Career Architect Development Planner (Minneapolis: Lominger, 1996), iv.Allen Tough, The Adult’s Learning Projects:AFresh Approach to Theory and Practice in Adult Learning(Toronto: oIse,1979).
[150] “social&environmental responsibility report 2011–2012,”Gap Inc.,http://www.gapinc.com/content/csr/html/employees/career-development.html.
[151] “u.s. Corporate responsibility report 2013,” PricewaterhouseCoopers,http://www.pwc.com/us/en/about-us/corporate-responsibility/corporate-responsibility-report-2011/people/learningand-development.jhtml.
[152] “Learning at Dell,” Dell Inc., http://www.dell.com/learn/au/en/aucorp1/learning-at-dell.
[153] D. scott Derue and Christopher G. Myers, “Leadership Development:A review and Agenda for Future research,” in The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations, ed. David V.Day (New York: oxford university Press, 2014), http://www-personal.umich.edu/–cgmyers/deruemyersoxfordhandbookcha.pdf.
[154] “kirkpatrick Hierarchy for Assessment of research Papers,” Division of education, American College of surgeons, http://www.facs.org/education/technicalskills/kirkpatrick/kirkpatrick.html.
[155] Yevgeniy Dodis, “some of My Favorite sayings,” Department of Computer science, New York university, //cs.nyu.edu /–dodis/quotes.html.
[156] David streitfeld, “silicon Valley’s Favorite stories,” Bits(blog), New York Times, February 5, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/silicon-valleys-favorite-stories/?_r=0 .
[157] “William shockley Founds shockley semiconductor,” Fairchild semiconductor Corporation, http://www.fairchildsemi.com/about-fairchild/history/# .
[158] Tom Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of robert Noyce: How the sun rose on the silicon Valley,”Esquire, December 1983.
[159] Nick Bilton, “Why san Francisco Is Not New York,” Bits(blog), New York Times, March 20, 2014, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/20/why-san-francisco-isnt-the-new-newyork/.
[160] 谷歌的“玛姬对抗春田轻轨”,为什么我们的悉尼会议室被命名为北哈弗布鲁克。
[161] 所有图片来自网络http://archive.org/web/web.php .
[162] 文中评论是2012年3月在曼哈顿92街Y接受《彭博商业周刊》编辑乔希·泰兰吉尔采访时做的评论。Bianca Bosker,“Google Design: Why Google.com Homepage Looks so simple,” Huffington Post, March 27, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/27/googledesign-sergey-brin_n_1384074.html .
[163] 博斯克“谷歌设计”Bosker, “Google Design.”
[164] 硅谷指数,http://www.siliconvalleyindex.org/index.php/economy/income.
[165] Wayne F. Cascio, “The High Cost of Low Wages,” Harvard Business Review, December 2006,http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-high-cost-of-low-wages/ar/1 .
[166] edward P. Lazear, “Why Is There Mandatory retirement?” Journal of Political Economy 87, no. 6 (1979): 1261–1284.
[167] Frank L. schmidt, John e. Hunter, robert C. Mckenzie, and Tressie W. Muldrow,“Impact of Valid selection Procedures on Work-Force Productivity,”Journal of Applied Psychology 64, no. 6 (1979): 609–626.
[168] ernest o’Boyle Jr. and Herman Aguinis, “The Best and the rest: revisiting the Norm of Normality of Individual Performance,” Personnel Psychology 65,no. 1 (2012): 79–119.
[169] Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan (New York: random House, 2007).
[170] storyboard, “Walt Disney’s oscars,” The Walt Disney Family Museum,February 22, 2013,http://www.waltdisney.org/storyboard/walt-disneys-oscars%C2%Ae.
[171] Wikipedia, “List of Best-Selling Fiction Authors,” last modified April 19, 2014, http:// en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_best-selling_fiction_authors.
[172] 与美国录音学会(格莱美奖的主办方)的通信。
[173] Bill russell page, NBA encyclopedia: Playoff edition, National Basketball Association,http://www.nba.com/history/players/russell_bio.html.
[174] http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/tiger-woods-vs-jack-nicklaus-major-championshiprecords.
[175] “Billie Jean king,” International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum,http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/billie-jean-king .
[176] Davemanuel.com , http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php .
[177] 我曾经与一名销售主管共事过,他认为自己的佣金应该根据整个公司的营业收入来定,而全公司的营业收入要以10亿美元计。他的确是一名很了不起的销售员,但是如果没有公司的品牌作为敲门砖,给他带来公众的信任,没有AAA的信用评级降低成本,没有公司基础构架的支持,那么他的销售量会大幅下降。他的销售表现并非全部来自个人的努力。在执行“极端薪酬”时,关键要区分非凡的表现有多少是由于个人因素,有多少是由于其他因素。
[178] katie Hafner, “New Incentive for Google employees: Awards Worth Millions,”New York Times, February 1, 2005,http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/01/technology/01google.html?_r=0, http://investor.google.com/corporate/2004/founders-letter.html .
[179] “2004 Founders’ Letter,” Google: Investor relations, December 31,2004, http://investor.google.com/corporate/2004/founders-letter.html .
[180] “2005 Founders’ Letter,” Google: Investor relations, December 31,2005, http://investor.google.com/corporate/2005/founders-letter.html .
[181] “The Hollywood Money Machine,” Fun Industries Inc.,http://www.funindustries.com/hollywood-money-blower.htm .
[182] John W. Thibaut and Laurens Walker, Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis(Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence erlbaum Associates, 1975), http://books.google.com/books?id=2l5_QgAACAAJ&dq=thibaut+and+walker+1975+Procedural+justice:+A+psychological+analysis .
[183] scott A. Jeffrey, “The Benefits of Tangible Non-Monetary Incentives”(unpublished manuscript, university of Chicago Graduate school of Business,2003), http://theirf.org/direct/user/site/0/files/the%20benefits%20of%20tangible%20non%20monetary%20incentives.pdf.scott A. Jeffrey and Victoria shaffer,“The Motivational Properties of Tangible Incentives,”Compensation &Benefits Review 39, no. 3 (2007): 44–50.erica Mina okada,“Justification effects on Consumer Choice of Hedonic and utilitarian Goods,” Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 1 (2005): 43–53.richard H. Thaler, “Mental Accounting Matters,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 12, no. 3 (1999): 183–206.
[184] 这项发现与学术研究结果一致,学术研究关注的是采购而非礼物。人们在购买体验(旅行、晚餐)时比购买物品(衣物、电子用品)时更快乐。Travis J. Carter and Thomas Gilovich, “The relative relativity of Material and experiential Purchases,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 1(2010): 146–159.
[185] Adam Bryant, “Honeywell’s David Cote, on Decisiveness asa2-edgedsword,” New York Times, November 2, 2013,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/business/honeywells-davidcote-on-decisiveness-as-a-2-edged-sword.html.
[186] Ben Parr, “Google Wave:AComplete Guide,” Mashable, May 28,2009, last updated January 29, 2010,http://mashable.com/2009/05/28/google-wave-guide/ .
[187] “Introducing Apache Wave,” Google, Google Wave Developer Blog, December 6, 2010,http://googlewavedev.blogspot.com/2010/12/introducing-apache-wave.html .
[188] Chris Argyris, “Double Loop Learning in organizations,” Harvard Business Review, september 1977,http://hbr.org/1977/09/double-loop-learning-in-organizations/ar/1 .
[189] Chris Argyris, “Teaching smart People How to Learn,” Harvard Business review, May 1991,http://hbr.org/1991/05/teaching-smart-people-how-to-learn/ .
[190] 这段话与据称是IBM创始人托马斯·J·沃森所说的一段话很类似:“最近有人问我是不是要解雇一名刚犯了一个错误给公司带来600000美元损失的员工。我说不会,我刚花了600000美元培训他,为什么会想让别人捡便宜聘用有这样经历的人?”
[191] “California Middle school rankings,” schoolDigger.com , http://www.schooldigger.com/go/CA/schoolrank.aspx?level=2.schoolDigger 根据州内标准测试的数学和英语平均分数对学校进行排名。
[192] ronald s. Burt, “structural Holes and Good Ideas,” American Journal of Sociology 110, no. 2 (2004): 349–399.
[193] 这两位随便谁在给我理发都可以……我不需要同时有两个人给我理发。
[194] Nicholas Carlson, “Marissa Mayer sentaLate Night email Promisingto Make Yahoo‘the Absolute Best Place to Work’(YHoo),” SFGate, August 27,2012, http://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Marissa-Mayer-sent-A-Late-Night-email-Promising-3817913.php.
[195] Jillian Berman, “Bring Your Parents to Work Day Is a Thing. We WereThere,”Huffington Post, November 11, 2013,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/11/take-parents-towork_n_4235803.html .
[196] Meghan Casserly, “Here’s What Happens to Google employees When They Die,”Forbes, August 8, 2012,http://www.forbes.com/sites/meghancasserly/2012/08/08/heres-whathappens-to-google-employees-when-they-die/. 梅根对这件事以及其他问题的理解非常贴切,令人印象深刻,因此一有机会,我就督促团队将她招聘到谷歌工作,她也接受了我们的聘用邀请。
[197] 私人交谈。
[198] 卡尼曼因为与特沃斯基合作取得的研究成果而获得诺贝尔奖,但是特沃斯基在颁奖之前就过世了。可惜的是诺贝尔奖不颁发给已过世的人。在诺贝奖授奖演讲中,卡尼曼开场说了这些话:“该奖授予的成果……是我与阿莫斯·特沃斯基长期密切合作取得的。他也应该在这里。”丹尼尔·卡尼曼2002年12月 8 日在斯德哥尔摩大学的获奖演讲。http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=531 .
[199] 通胀计算器。
[200] Amos Tversky and Daniel kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science 211, no. 4481(January 30, 1981): 453–458,http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/cognition/papers/tversky81.pdf .
[201] stephen Macknik and susana Martinez-Conde, Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals About Our Everyday Deceptions (New York: Henry Holt, 2010), 76–77.
[202] Julie L. Belcove, “steamy Wait BeforeaWalk in a Museum’s rain,” New York Times, July 17, 2013,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/arts/steamy-wait-before-a-walk-in-a-museumsrain.html.
[203] Michael Barbaro, “The Bullpen Bloomberg Built: Candidates Debate Its Future,” New York Times, March 22, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/nyregion/bloombergs-bullpencandidates-debate-its-future.html.
[204] Chris smith, “open City,” New York, september 26, 2010,http://nymag.com/news/features/establishments/68511/ .
[205] richard H. Thaler and Cass r. sunstein, Nudge (New Haven, CT: Yale university Press, 2008), 15.
[206] 助推与奖金计划之间最明显的区别在于前者通常不会公之于众,而奖金计划则是明确设立以推动某种行为的。如果你能认可公司有权塑造员工的行为,那么接下来将会面临一个更难的问题,即公司“好的”塑造和“坏的”塑造之间的界限何在。我认为这个界限受公司对助推透明度的影响。
[207] 助推也属于管理工具。《科学美国人》的编辑乔治·穆塞尔在2009年8月17日发表的文章认为小隔断是对应着20世纪50年代前的开放式办公室布局。George Musser, “The origin of Cubicles and the open-Plan office,” Scientific American, August 17,2009, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-origin-of-cubicles-an/.
[208] Bradley Johnson, “Big u.s. Advertisers Boost 2012 spending by slim 2.8% withaLift from Tech,” Advertising Age, June 23, 2013, http://adage.com/article/news/big-u-s-advertisersboost-2012-spending-slim-2-8/242761/.
[209] special Issue: u.s. Beverage results for 2012, Beverage Digest, March 25,2013, http:// www.beverage-digest.com /pdf/top-10_2013.pdf.
[210] samuel M. McClure, Jian Li, Damon Tomlin, kim s. Cypert, Latane M. Montague, and P. read Montague, “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks,”Neuron 44, no. 2 (2004): 379–387.
[211] Nyla r. Branscombe, Naomi ellemers, russell spears, and Bertjan Doosje, “The Context and Content of social Identity Threat,” in Social Identity:Context, Commitment, Content, eds. Naomi ellemers, russell spears, and Bertjan Doosje (oxford, uk: Wiley-Blackwell,1999), 35–58.
[212] robert B. Cialdini, “Harnessing the science of Persuasion,” Harvard Business Review 79, no. 9 (2001): 72–81,http://lookstein.org/leadership/case-study/harnessing.pdf.
[213] Bradford D. smart, Topgrading: How Leading Companies Win by Hiring,Coaching, and Keeping the Best People (upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999).
[214] Autumn D. krauss, “onboarding the Hourly Workforce.” Poster presentedat the society for Industrial and organizational Psychology (sIoP), Atlanta, GA, 2010.
[215] “surgical safety Checklist (First edition),” World Health organization,http://www.who.int/patientsafety/safesurgery/tools_resources/SSSL_Checklist_finalJun08.pdf.
[216] Alex B. Haynes et al., “A surgical safety Checklist to reduce Morbidity and Mortality inaGlobal Population,” New England Journal of Medicine 360(2009): 491–499,http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NeJMsa0810119 .
[217] Michael Lewis, “obama’s Way,” Vanity Fair, october 2012, http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/10/michael-lewis-profile-barack-obama .
[218] Talya N. Bauer, “onboarding New employees: Maximizing success,” sHrM Foundation’s effective Practice Guidelines (Alexandria, VA: sHrM Foundation,2010), https://docs.google.com/a/pdx.edu/file/d/0B-boAWJkykwuMzg2Yje3MjctZjk0oC00ZmFiLWFiMmMtYjFiMDdkZGe4MTY3/edit?hl=en_us&pli=1.
[219] susan J. Ashford and J. stewart Black, “Proactivity During organizational entry: The role of Desire for Control,” Journal of Applied Psychology 81,no. 2 (1996): 199–214.
[220] 有大量的证据显示,积极主动的员工在各行各业中都是表现较好的。B. Fuller Jr. and L. e. Marler, “Change Driven by Nature:AMeta-Analytic review of the Proactive Personality,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 75, no. 3 (2009): 329–345.(A meta-analysis of 107 studies.)Jeffrey P. Thomas, Daniel s. Whitman, and ChockalingamViswesvaran,“employee Proactivity in organizations: A Comparative Meta-Analysis of emergent Proactive Constructs,”Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83, no. 2 (2010): 275–300.(A metaanalysis of 103 samples.)
[221] Wikipedia, “Poka-yoke,”last modified May 11, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokayoke .
[222] steven F. Venti and David A. Wise, “Choice, Chance, and Wealth Dispersion at retirement,” in Aging Issues in the United States and Japan, eds. seiritsu ogura, Toshiaki Tachibanaki, and David A. Wise (Chicago: university of Chicago Press, 2001), 25–64.
[223] Wikipedia, “Household Income in the united states,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_united_states.Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. smith, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the united states: 2011,” us Census Bureau (Washington, DC: us Government Printing Office, 2012).“supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (sNAP),” united states Department of Agriculture, http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/snapsummary.htm. J. N. kish, “u.s. Population 1776 to Present,” https://www.google.com/fusiontables/Datasource?dsrcid=225439.
[224] 图表来自梵迪和怀斯的“选择、机遇和财富分布”。
[225] 出处同25。
[226] B. Douglas Bernheim, Jonathan skinner, and steven Weinberg, “What Accounts for the Variation in retirement Wealth among u.s. Households?”American Economic Review 91, no.4(2001): 832–857,http://www.econ.wisc.edu/–scholz/Teaching_742/Bernheim_skinner_Weinberg. pdf.
[227] James J. Choi, emily Haisley, Jennifer kurkoski, and Cade Massey,“small Cues Change savings Choices,” National Bureau of economic research Working Paper 17843, revised June 29, 2012,http://www.nber.org/papers/w17843 .
[228] richard H. Thaler and shlomo Benartzi, “save More Tomorrow: using Behavioral economics to Increase employee savings,” Journal of Political Economy112, no. 1 (2004): s164–s187,http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/richard.Thaler/research/pdf/sMarTJPe.pdf.
[229] 真的,确实注册了这个商标。
[230] 托德·卡里塞不可能知道当年后半段我们宣布成立Calico公司,由前基因泰克首席执行官阿特·列文森领导,目标旨在解决老龄化带来的困境和问题。
[231] “obesity and overweight,” National Center for Health statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last updated May 14, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/overwt.htm .
[232] “overweight and obesity: Adult obesity Facts,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last updated March 28, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html .
[233] M. Muraven and r. F. Baumeister, “self-regulation and Depletion of Limited resources: Does self-Control resemble a Muscle?” Psychological Bulletin 126, no. 2 (2000): 247–259.
[234] D. Hammond, G. T. Fong, P. W. McDonald, k. s. Brown, and r. Cameron,“Graphic Canadian Cigarette Warning Labels and Adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers,”American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 8 (2004):1442–1445.
[235] Julie s. Downs, Jessica Wisdom, Brian Wansink, and George Loewenstein,“supplementing Menu Labeling with Calorie recommendations to Test for Facilitation effects,”American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 9 (2013): 1604–1609.
[236] “McDonald’s usA Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items,” McDonalds.com , effective May 27, 2014,http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/nutritionfacts.pdf .
[237] David Laibson, “A Cue-Theory of Consumption,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 1 (2001): 81–119.
[238] Colleen Giblin, “The Perils of Large Plates: Waist, Waste, and Wallet,”review of “The Visual Illusions of Food: Why Plates, Bowls, and spoons Can Bias Consumption Volume,”by Brian Wansink and koert van Ittersum (FAseB Journal 20, no. 4 [2006] : A618), Cornell university Food and Brand Lab, 2011,http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/outreach/large-plates.html.
[239] Wansink and Ittersum, “Visual Illusions of Food.”
[240] Leo Benedictus, “The Nudge unit—Has It Worked so Far?” Guardian,May 1, 2013,http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/02/nudge-unit-has-it-worked .
[241] Britton Brewer, “Adherence to sport Injury rehabilitation regimens,” in Adherence Issues in Sport and Exercise, ed. stephen Bull (New York: Wiley, 1999),145–168.
[242] richard H. Thaler, “opting In vs. opting out,” New York Times, september 26, 2009,http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/business/economy/27view.html .
[243] eric J. Johnson and Daniel Goldstein, “Do Defaults save Lives?,” Science 302, no. 5649(2003): 1338–1339.
[244] Zechariah Chafee Jr., “Freedom of speech in War Time,”Harvard Law Review 32, no. 8(1919): 932–973,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1327107?seq=26&.
[245] “our Work: What We Believe,” Mckinsey& Company,http://www.mckinsey.com.br/our_work_belive.asp .
[246] Andrew Hill, “Inside Mckinsey,” FT Magazine, November 25, 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0d506e0e-1583-11e1-b9b8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2iCZ5ks73 .
[247] ralph Waldo emerson, “self-reliance,” essays (1841), republished as essays: First series (Boston: James Munroe and Co.,1847).
[248] http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/07/more-wood-behind-fewer-arrows.html .
[249] 混合隐喻的使用。我这样说是因为我发现极少会有管理实践走上极端。比如,极少有公司会说“做所有的事情都要创新”,或是“永远不要创新”。管理实践随着时间逐渐积蓄力量,之后才变得僵化,出现技能失调。公司按地缘进行分区,后来发现产品不是在每个地区都有同样的销量,维系业务的成本太高,难以为继,因此他们会重新组织产品线。而后产品可能不再适合当地需求,于是他们再次进行调整。执行管理的艺术在于了解何时调整到新的道路上。
[250] Wikipedia, “Goji,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji .
[251] Jonathan edwards, “sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.Asermon Preached at Enfield, July 8th, 1741,” ed. Reiner Smolinski, Electronic Texts in American Studies Paper 54, Libraries at university of Nebraska–Lincoln,http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=etas .
[252] steven Pinker, “Violence Vanquished,” Wall Street Journal, september 24, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/sB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.
[253] united states Congress House special Committee to Investigate the Taylor and other systems of shop Management, The Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management: Hearings before Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management (Washington, DC: us Government Printing office, 1912), 3: 1397,http://books.google.com/books?id=eyrbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1397&lpg=PA1397&dq=physically+able+to+handle+pig-iron .
[254] 谢家华:“我不太会把自己看作是一个领导者,我更多地是一个塑造环境的建筑师,使员工能够提出自己的想法,使员工能够培养文化,随着时间的推移促进文化的发展。”Adam Bryant,“onascale of 1 to 10, How Weird Are You?,” New York Times, January 9, 2010.里德·哈斯廷斯:“有责任的人在自由的环境下能够蓬勃发展,他们值得给予自由。在我们的模式下,会随着公司的发展给员工更多的自由,而不是限制自由,我们会继续吸引和培育具有创新性的员工,提高公司实现可持续成功的机会。”“Netflix Culture: Freedom and responsibility,”August 1, 2009, http://www.slideshare.net/reed2001/culture-1798664. 2008 年开始的金融危机期间,吉姆·古德奈特请赛仕软件的员工自己去寻找方法扭转公司下行的趋势:“我告诉他们全年都不会裁员——但是我需要他们做出贡献,减少费用,放缓招聘工作,若有可能终止招聘。每个人都做出了贡献,2009年的实际产出还有所提升……那一年是我们盈利最高的三年之一。”(“As Institute Ceo Jim Goodnight on Building strong Companies—anda More Competitive u.s. Workforce,”Knowledge@Wharton, Wharton school of the university of Pennsylvania, January 5, 2011,http://bit.ly/1dyJMoJ .)
[255] Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review 50, no. 4(July 1943): 370–396.尽管马斯洛需求层次广为人知,但是最终并没有足够的数据支持这项理论。有其他人对马斯洛的成果进行了提炼,包括Douglas T. kenrick, Vladas Griskevicius, steven L. Neuberg, and Mark schaller, who offered an updated framework in 2010 (“renovating the Pyramid of Needs,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5, no. 3 [2010] : 292–314,http://pps.sagepub.com/content/5/3/292.short).
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