广泛分布式的未来
我们以优步为例,来把所有权和效率的概念解释得更加通俗易懂。
今天优步依靠车主为客户提供共享乘车体验,这种模式的工作原理在于,对很多车主来说,他们车辆的平均利用率只有5%[29] ,存在着巨大未开发的潜在价值和资源浪费。而优步模式的伟大之处正在于此,它既撬动了潜在资产和人员,又满足了现代城市生态系统的基本需求:无摩擦力运行。现在我们要把区块链和自动驾驶汽车用于这种模式。
多数人试图把优步模式改用到自动驾驶汽车上,很自然的倾向是想象优步大量购买机器汽车,但其实那只是延续了工业时代的所有权模式。可以想见,一排排看起来一模一样的优步汽车,让我们又回到了“不管什么颜色的车,只要是黑色就行”的时代。从资源利用的角度来说,这当然更高效了,因为汽车不再是95%的时间一直闲置在车库中或停车场了。但我们还需要一个有雇员、管理层、办公室和设施的公司才能构成这个模式。此外,竞争的环境也需要有一定的限制,因为需要大量的初始投资才能有效与优步的规模抗衡。
相反,倘若自动驾驶汽车是非人类的合法实体,很多人都持有其股份,就像公共法人一样有很多所有人,是否可行?我们需要想想这为何行不通。我们猜你能列出的原因应该包括:私家车因为无法实现规模经济,所以算是更为昂贵的资本;自动驾驶汽车无法自行检修;如果驾驶员不高兴了,不知道该去投诉谁。当一辆车不能再使用时,它会面临什么样的命运?如果汽车卷入了车祸,该怪谁?
有了区块链,以上种种担忧就不是问题了:它让汽车彼此配合,结合购买力、影响力、规模经济;让其他人类或非人类实体(比如汽车修理铺)可以进行自助服务交易。当自动驾驶汽车的服务价值低于盈利的临界值时,它甚至可以售卖自己的零件,并把收益分给其所有人。而且跟人类一样,它也可以有保险和基金,出现故障或需要承担法定责任时,可用于偿付相关费用。
根据某种自动驾驶汽车的盈利情况,你可以根据车辆的最佳表现,把你的股份从一辆车转到另一辆车。大量汽车合力创造属于它们自己的自动驾驶汽车公司,建立备份以便为所有者提高边际利润和回报,它们甚至能建立自己的品牌形象。
至此你会开始看到,区块链是多么激进、颠覆的一股力量。简言之,它就是社会和经济变革的构成元素。
如果把区块链的所有技术行业术语一一剔除,剩下的就是基于本书开篇所述的简单概念的商业运行新方法。每一个人、每一件产品、每一个组织以及设备都不仅存在于真实世界中,同时还存在于数字世界中。在真实世界中可能要遵循物理定律,摩擦力是每一种运动和行为的必然组成部分。然而在数字世界中,却没有摩擦力。这就为无摩擦力交易的新时代打开了大门,这也正是我们揭示隐藏的行为这一征程的下一站。
- 特斯拉自此已经修改了变道设计,更流畅,少“担忧”。
- 1英尺≈0.31米。
- “Trends in Consumer Mobility Report,” Bank of America , 2015,accessed October 2, 2017, htt p://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/files/doc_library/additional/2015_BAC_Trends_in_Consumer_Mobi lity_Report.pdf.
- 1英寸≈2.54厘米。
- Geoffrey Mohan, “Is Playing ‘Space Invaders’ a Milestone in Artificial Intelligence?” Los Ang eles Times , February 25, 2015,http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-computerlearning-space-invaders-20150224-story.html.
- “2016 Production Statistics,” International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers webs ite, accessed October 2, 2017, http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/.
- 1亿辆汽车,平均长度为10英尺/每英里合5 280英尺/赤道长度为24 000英里,则结果为7.89。
- “Achievements In Road Safety,” International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers , accessed October 2, 2017, http://www.oica.net/category/safety/global-safety/.
- Daniel Tencer, “Number Of Cars Worldwide Surpasses 1 Billion;Can The World Handle This Many Wheels?” Huffington Post ,August 23, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/08/23/carpopulation_n_934291.html.
- “Senior Driving.AAA,” American Automobile Association website,accessed October 2, 2017 , http://seniordriving.aaa.com/resourcesfamily-friends/conversations-about-driving/facts-research/.
- Zachary Shahan, “NASA Says: Automobiles Largest Net Climate Change Culprit,” Clean Te chnica , February 23, 2010, https://cleantechnica.com/2010/02/23/nasa-says-automobiles-largestclimate-change-culprit/.
- Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council Committee on T echnology, Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence , October 2016, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.
- Cari Romm, “Americans Are More Afraid of Robots Than Death,” The Atlantic , October 16, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/americans-are-more-afraid-ofrobots-tha n-death/410929/.
- Son, Khansari, Shastrula, Jarrahi, and Tomko v. Tesla, Inc., 8:16-cv-02282-JVS-KES (US Di strict Court for the Central District of California 2016), https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3534570/Teslaamendedcomplaint.pdf.
- 我们说这一索赔很费解,并不是在评判或暗示关于此诉讼的任何是非曲直,而仅仅是指出自动驾驶汽车带来了各种与法律及道德相关的挑战。
- John Paul, “Cars Crashing Into Buildings,” WHIOTV, November 4, 2014, http://www.whio.c om/news/cars-crashing-intobuildings/2P23WGXgsGJzfoLavPj2HL/.
- John Markoff, “Planes Without Pilots,” New York Times , April 6, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/07/science/planeswithout-pilots.html?mcubz=0.
- “Flight Response,” The Economist , September 15, 2016, https://www.economist.com/news/s cience-and-technology/21707187artificially-intelligent-autopilot-learns-example-flight-response.
- Jeff Wise, “What Really Happened Aboard Air France 447,” Popular Mechanics , December 6, 2011, http://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/a3115/what-really-happenedaboard-air-france-447-6611877/.
- J. C. R. Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Elect ronics HFE-1 (March 1960): 4–11,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=we b&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwihiKLEqrHWAhXGx YMKHYiyAkgQFgguMAE&url=http spercent3Apercent2Fpercent 2Fgroups.csail.mit.edupercent2Fmedgpercent2Fpeoplepercent2Fp szperce nt2FLicklider.html&usg=AFQjCNFN2LDXZsoeh7FyWL LuAY8gqMyRqg.
- Garreau, Joel (2006). Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Ou r Bodies — and What It Means to be Human . Broadway. p. 22.
- “Advanced Monty Hall,” interactivate website, accessed October 2, 2017, http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/AdvancedMontyHall/.
- Susan P. Baker et al., “Pilot Error in Air Carrier Mishaps:Longitudinal Trends Among 558 Re ports, 1983–2002,” Aviation ,Space , and Environmental Medicine 79, no. 1 (2008): 2–6, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664988/.
- 谈谈一位董事错得离谱的行为。
- 准确地说,必须获得50%的节点认可。
- Mark Russinovich, “Announcing the Coco Framework for Enterprise Blockchain Networks,” Microsoft Azure, August 10, 2017, https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/announcingmicrosoft-s-coco-framework-for-enterprise-Blockchainnetworks/.
- “The Official Site of the Nobel Prize,”accessed October 2, 2017 https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all.
- Tina Hesman, “The Machine That Invents,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch ,January 25, 2004, http://sl4.org/archive/0402/7882.html.
- David Z. Morris, “Today’s Cars Are Parked 95 Percent of the Time,” Fortune , March 13, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/03/13/cars-parked-95-percent-of-time/.
本书评论